OECD 442C, OECD 442D, OECD 442E Skin sensitisation hazard assessment in vitro / in vitro Test - INVITRO-CONNECT GmbH

Skin sensitisation / in vitro Test: DPRA, OECD 442C, OECD 442D, h-CLAT, OECD 442E, kDPRA, SENS-IS®, etc. Fast Project Execution: personal - competent - reliable --> contact@invitro-connect.com in vitro Skin Sensitization Tests: Determination of skin sensitization potential is a critical toxicological endpoint in the safety assessment of new chemicals. Although the Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT) and in vivo Local Lymph Node assay (LLNA) have traditionally been used to assess skin sensitization, recent activity has focused on the development of novel non-animal assays for this endpoint. Direct Peptide Reactivity Activation Assay (DPRA, OECD 442C): The DPRA (OECD 442C) is an in chemico assay that models the first key event in the skin sensitization Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) – skin, protein reactivity. Compounds implicated in causing Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD) are generally electrophilic in nature. This assay identifies dermal sensitizers based on their reactivity with synthetic peptides containing the nucleophilic amino acid residues lysine and cysteine. Using LC/UV, conjugation of the test material with the peptides can be analyzed. ARE-Nrf2 Luciferase Keratinocyte Activation Test Method (OECD 442D): KeratinoSensTM and LuSens are cell-based reporter gene assays that model the second key event in the Adverse Outcome Pathway for Dermal Sensitization, namely keratinocyte activation. The assays measure the induction of a stably transfected luciferase gene under the control of the antioxidant response element (ARE) derived from the human AKR1C2 or rat NQO1 gene. Human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT, OECD 442E): The human Cell Line Activation Test (h-CLAT) is a cell-based assay that identifies skin sensitizers by examining changes in the expression of cell surface markers (CD54 and CD86) implicated in dendritic cell activation, the third key event of the skin sensitization AOP. Following exposure of the THP-1 human monocyte cell line to the test substance, expression levels of CD54 and CD86 are quantified by flow cytometry and compared to controls. Kinetic Direct Peptide Reactivity Assay (kDPRA): Building on the original DPRA (OECD TG 442C), this test assesses multiple substance concentrations and time points to provide quantitative reaction data. This information can assist in determining potency and has the potential to classify substances into UN GHS sub-categories 1A and 1B . Similar to the DPRA assay, kDPRA examines the reactivity of test materials with nucleophilic peptides. High levels of conjugation are indicative of a potential sensitizer. SENS-IS®: As a next-generation assay, SENS-IS employs a Reconstructed human Epidermal (RhE) model and examines changes in the gene expression of 65 markers associated with epidermal response to pure compounds and formulations. The RhE model provides several features not represented in monolayer-based assays, including the barrier properties of the stratum corneum, metabolic activation/deactivation of substances and greater compatibility with insoluble compounds and formulations. Integrated Testing Strategies for Skin Sensitization: Determination of skin sensitization potential is a critical endpoint in the safety assessment of raw materials, chemicals, mixtures and formulations. Although the Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT) and Local Lymph node assay (LLNA) have historically been used to address this adverse effect, in vitro assays have been developed and validated in order to replace these resource-intensive animal tests. Skin sensitization is the result of a series of biochemical “Key Events” (KEs) that involve covalent binding of (generally electrophilic) compounds to cellular proteins (KE1), activation of various pathways within skin cells (KE2) and priming of the immune system (KE3) that results in an allergic response upon repeat exposure to the substance.